‘oam ¶h Zm‘ n§Im, g§ñH¥$V eãX "nj' go ~Zm h¡ {OgH$m AW© h¡ n§I, ‘yb ê$n go {H$gr ^r Vah Ho$ hmW Ho$ n§Io Ho$ AW© ‘|&
¶Ú{n, hmW Ho$ n§Io {d{^Þ àmMrZ Eo{e¶mB© Am¡a ¶yamonr¶ g‘mOm| ‘| Am‘ Wm, ‘¢, ^maV ‘| àmH¥${VH$ nXmWm] go ~Zm Wm& Xÿgar Aݶ g§ñH¥${V¶m| go AbJ {OÝhm|Zo OmnmZr ’$mopëS>¨J n§Imo H$mo AnZm¶m Am¡a gm‘m{OH$ {eï>mMma H$m A§J ~Zm¶m, ^maV ‘| h‘ Cn¶moJ H$s gab dñVw hr aho&
1800 Ho$ CÎma ^mJ ‘|, h‘ A{^OZ Ka ‘| l‘ gmܶ hmo JE - {~«{Q>e Am¡a ^maVr¶ XmoZm| Zo g‘mZ ê$n go ¶o ~‹S>o joÌ ‘| hdm H$mo J{V‘mZ H$aVo aho& N>V Ho$ H$n‹S>o H$m EH$ noZb Q>§Jm ahVm, {Ogo AmJo-nrN>o Sw>bm¶m OmVm - n§Iodmbo Bgo ZrMo go S>moar ItM H$a MbmVo&
eVmãXr Ho$ ~Xbmd Ho$ gmW {~Obr Ho$ N>V Ho$ n§Io Am¡a Q>o~b n§Im| Va h‘ Am nhþ±Mo& Am¡a h¡amZr H$s ~mV Z Wr {H$ h‘ EH$X‘ go àM{bV hmo JE Am¡a {XZ H$m Á¶mXmVa {dÚwV^ma dhZ H$a, h‘Zo "H$bH$Îmm Bb¡p³Q´>H$ gßbmB©' H$s gµ’$bVm V¶ H$a Xr&
nhbo nhb h‘ ‘ܶ AmH$ma Ho$ {Z‘m©VmAm| Ûmam ~ZmE JE, O¡go Q´>m°{nH$b Ed§ H¡$gob ’¡$ݵO& nhbo Ho$ ‘m°S>bm| ‘| ãboS> ~m§g Ho$ hmoVo Omo ~mX ‘| YmVw Ho$ hmo JE& 1940 VH$ AmVo AmVo, ~‹S>r H§$n{Z¶m± O¡go "B§{S>¶m Bb¡p³Q´>H$ d³g©' VWm H«$månQ>Z nm{H©$ÝgZ d³g© {b{‘Q>oS> Zo Xoe^a ‘| H$mamdmZo bJmE Wo&
1960 ‘| d¡pídH$ ‘m§J Kaoby E¶a H§$S>reqZJ Ho$ H$maU Hw$N> H$‘ hmoZo bJr& ^maV H$s pñW{V Hw$N> AbJ Wr, {OgHo$ H$maU n§Io EH$ gñVr Oê$aV ~Z MwHo$ Wo&~m{YV CËnmXZ Ho$ ~mdOyX, Oo E§Or{Z¶[a¨J d³g© {b{‘Q>oS> ({OgZo Cfm n§Io Am¡a {gbmB© ‘erZo ~Zm¶t) Zo 1965 ‘| bm^ XO© {H$¶m&
AmO ^r {H$µ’$m¶Vr ^maVr¶ n§Im| H$mo Eogo CnH$aU Ho$ ê$n ‘| ng§X H$aVo h¢ Omo CZH$s Oo~ na ^mar Zhr h¢, {OZ H$s g§^mb AmgmZ h¡ Am¡a Omo {~Obr ^r H$‘ ImVo h¢&
¶Ú{n, hmW Ho$ n§Io {d{^Þ àmMrZ Eo{e¶mB© Am¡a ¶yamonr¶ g‘mOm| ‘| Am‘ Wm, ‘¢, ^maV ‘| àmH¥${VH$ nXmWm] go ~Zm Wm& Xÿgar Aݶ g§ñH¥${V¶m| go AbJ {OÝhm|Zo OmnmZr ’$mopëS>¨J n§Imo H$mo AnZm¶m Am¡a gm‘m{OH$ {eï>mMma H$m A§J ~Zm¶m, ^maV ‘| h‘ Cn¶moJ H$s gab dñVw hr aho&
1800 Ho$ CÎma ^mJ ‘|, h‘ A{^OZ Ka ‘| l‘ gmܶ hmo JE - {~«{Q>e Am¡a ^maVr¶ XmoZm| Zo g‘mZ ê$n go ¶o ~‹S>o joÌ ‘| hdm H$mo J{V‘mZ H$aVo aho& N>V Ho$ H$n‹S>o H$m EH$ noZb Q>§Jm ahVm, {Ogo AmJo-nrN>o Sw>bm¶m OmVm - n§Iodmbo Bgo ZrMo go S>moar ItM H$a MbmVo&
eVmãXr Ho$ ~Xbmd Ho$ gmW {~Obr Ho$ N>V Ho$ n§Io Am¡a Q>o~b n§Im| Va h‘ Am nhþ±Mo& Am¡a h¡amZr H$s ~mV Z Wr {H$ h‘ EH$X‘ go àM{bV hmo JE Am¡a {XZ H$m Á¶mXmVa {dÚwV^ma dhZ H$a, h‘Zo "H$bH$Îmm Bb¡p³Q´>H$ gßbmB©' H$s gµ’$bVm V¶ H$a Xr&
nhbo nhb h‘ ‘ܶ AmH$ma Ho$ {Z‘m©VmAm| Ûmam ~ZmE JE, O¡go Q´>m°{nH$b Ed§ H¡$gob ’¡$ݵO& nhbo Ho$ ‘m°S>bm| ‘| ãboS> ~m§g Ho$ hmoVo Omo ~mX ‘| YmVw Ho$ hmo JE& 1940 VH$ AmVo AmVo, ~‹S>r H§$n{Z¶m± O¡go "B§{S>¶m Bb¡p³Q´>H$ d³g©' VWm H«$månQ>Z nm{H©$ÝgZ d³g© {b{‘Q>oS> Zo Xoe^a ‘| H$mamdmZo bJmE Wo&
1960 ‘| d¡pídH$ ‘m§J Kaoby E¶a H§$S>reqZJ Ho$ H$maU Hw$N> H$‘ hmoZo bJr& ^maV H$s pñW{V Hw$N> AbJ Wr, {OgHo$ H$maU n§Io EH$ gñVr Oê$aV ~Z MwHo$ Wo&~m{YV CËnmXZ Ho$ ~mdOyX, Oo E§Or{Z¶[a¨J d³g© {b{‘Q>oS> ({OgZo Cfm n§Io Am¡a {gbmB© ‘erZo ~Zm¶t) Zo 1965 ‘| bm^ XO© {H$¶m&
AmO ^r {H$µ’$m¶Vr ^maVr¶ n§Im| H$mo Eogo CnH$aU Ho$ ê$n ‘| ng§X H$aVo h¢ Omo CZH$s Oo~ na ^mar Zhr h¢, {OZ H$s g§^mb AmgmZ h¡ Am¡a Omo {~Obr ^r H$‘ ImVo h¢&