^maV _| {~«{Q>e gm_«mÁ` Ho$ emgZ Ho$ Xm¡amZ {dŠQ>mo[a`Z, Om°{O©`Z, ES>d{S©>`Z, Am{X O¡gr H$B© e¡{b`m| H$m CX` hþAm {OÝh| Cn{Zdoer` `m Am§½b ^maVr` e¡br Ho$ ê$n _| dJuH¥$V {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡& ^maV _| ~Zo Hw$N> \${Z©Ma _| {MnoÝSo>b, eoamQ>Z `m OH$mo{~`Z O¡gr nma§n[aH$ e¡{b`m| H$m à`moJ {H$`m J`m {OZ_| Ho$db Hw$N> hr ^maVr` VËd ZµOa AmVo Wo& AÝ` µ\${Z©Ma Zo Á`mXm IwbH$a ^maVr` {eën H$m¡eb Am¡a A{^H$ën _| gm¡ÝX`© emó H$mo AnZm`m {OgHo$ n[aUm_ñdê$n ZB© {_{lV e¡{b`m| H$m g¥OZ hþAm& EH$ Vrgao dJ©, dhZr` `m "H¡$ånoZ' µ\${Z©Ma H$m ^r g¥OZ hþAm, {Ogo ewéAmV _| CZ {~«{Q>e A{YH$m[a`m| Ûmam à`moJ {H$`m OmVm Wm Omo h_oem EH$ ñWmZ go Xÿgao ñWmZ _| ñWmZm§VaU H$aVo ahVo Wo; O¡go {H$ µ\$mopëS§>J Hw${g©`m± Am¡a AÝ` Eogo µ\${Z©Ma Omo {e{dam{e©`m|, Imo{O`m| `m gµ\$mar na OmZo dmbo bmoJm| Ho$ ~rM ~hþV bmoH${à` Wt&
Bg Ad{Y Ho$ Xm¡amZ gm¡ÝX`©dmX Ho$ ^r à^md ZµOa AmE, Omo 19dr. gXr Ho$ A§{V_ Xm¡a _| H$bm Ho$ joÌ _| H«$m§{V Wr {OgH$s YmaUm Wr {H$ H$bm H$m Ho$db CgHo$ gm¡ÝX`© Ho$ H$maU ApñVËd h¡& Cn{Zdoer` µ\${Z©Ma _| gm¡ÝX`©dmX Zo nVZerb ZµŠµH$mer Am¡a ^mar H$‹T>mB© Ho$ H$n‹S>o Ho$ à`moJ H$mo ào[aV {H$`m& ^maV _| gm¡ÝX`©dmX Ho$ g~go ~‹S>o {h_m`Vr Wo A_arH$s n|Q>a Am¡a µ\${Z©Ma A{^H$ënH$, bm°H$dwS> S>r µ\$m°aoñQ>&
joÌr` à^md
~§~B© Am¡a Ah_Xm~mX CÞrgdt gXr _| {Z_m©U Ho$ _hËdnyU© Ho$ÝÐm| Ho$ ê$n _| C^ao& _mbm~ma gmJm¡Z, ere_ H$s bH$‹S>r Am¡a amoµOdwS> Ho$ Jhao a§J Ho$ H$maU ~§~B©, ãb¡H$dwS> \$ZuMa Ho$ {bE OmZm OmVm Wm Omo YZr nmagr n[adma ~hþV à`moJ H$aVo Wo& Ah_Xm~mX Ho$ ZµŠµH$mem| Ho$ ~mX, Am¡a H$ht H$ht na Hw$N> _m_bm| _| n‹S>mogr eha, Ymoboam Ho$ ~‹T>B© ñWmZr` ê$n go Á`mXm bmoH${à` Wo Š`m|{H$ Ymoboam, {Obo _| bH$‹S>r H$m _w»` ~mµOma Wm& _Ðmg Am¡a _w§Joa dV©_mZ _| {~hma H$s H$m`©embmAm| _| ^r \$ZuMa ~ZmZo Ho$ {bE ãb¡H$dwS> H$m à`moJ {H$`m OmVm Wm&
AmYw{ZH$
1920 H$s XeH$ go 1940 H$s XeH$ Ho$ ~rM AmQ>© So>H$mo e¡br Ho$ µ\${Z©Ma ewê$ _| _hmamOmAm|, {~«{Q>e µ\$_m], g‚mmH$mam| Am¡a nwamZo g§^«m§V n[admam| Ûmam IarXo JE& `h dm{gVwH$mam| Ho$ hmWm| _| à{gÕ hþE {OÝhm|Zo ~§~B© _| ^ì` {gZo_m hm°bm| H$m A{^H$ën {H$`m; dhm§ go `h e¡br amOgr n[admam| _| \¡$br, {deof ê$n go JwOamV _| Ohm§ dm§H$mZoa Am¡a _moa~r Ho$ _hbm| _| Bg e¡br H$m à`moJ {H$`m J`m& ~oÝOm{_Z, H$m_Xma µ\${Z©Ma Am¡a ~§~B© Ho$ Am_u Am¡a Zodr ñQ>moa, AmQ>© So>H$m| e¡br Ho$ µ\${Z©Ma Ho$ {bE à{gÕ Wo - gmYmaU nb§J {OZ_| ñnï>, Om{_Vr` AmH¥${V`m± Wr, ~‹S>r A§S>mH$ma S´o>qgJ Q>o~bo, Jmob gmoµ\$m Am¡a Hw${g©`m±, ^mar S´>m°Aa Am¡a g§XÿH$ Am¡a ~‹S>r dmS©>amo~& qàQ> {H$E hþE H¡$Q>mbm°J Am¡a ZB e¡br H$s Vñdram| dmbo ~‹S>o ~‹S>o {dkmnZm| Zo Bg joÌ Ho$ J«mhH$m| H$mo Bg e¡br go n[a{MV H$am`m Am¡a J«mhH$ Bgo AnZo Kam| _| à`moJ H$aZo bJo&
AmYw{ZH$ A{^H$ën Ho$ AJ«Ur ~m°hm°g ñHy$b (1919-1933) H$m ^maV Ho$ µ\${Z©Ma na VËH$mb à^md 1930 H$s XeH$ _| JmoXaoO EÊS> ~m°Bg Am¡a AÝ` H§$n{Z`m| Ûmam Q>çy~yba ñQ>rb H$s Hw${g©`m|, Q>o~b Am¡a {bqdJ ê$_ Ho$ goQ> H$m ~‹S>o n¡_mZo na CËnmXZ _| ZµOa Am`m& AmOmXr Ho$ ~mX ^maV Zo dmñVw Am¡a µ\${Z©Ma A{^H$ën Ho$ g§~§Y _| AmYw{ZH$Vm H$s Am¡a A{YH$ ñnï> A{^ì`{º$ XoIr& _mg}b ~«yAa Ho$ ~«¡Ho$Q> dmbr Q>çy~yba Hw${g©`m| AWdm br H$m~w©{OE Ho$ MoµO bmC§O Am¡a nmBn-~|Q> Hw${g©`m± Ho$ à^md Ho$ H$maU ~‹S>o n¡_mZo na CËnmXZ H$s bmoH${à`Vm ~‹T>r& Odmhabmb Zohê$Or Ho$ {Z_§ÌU na br H$m~w©{OE M§S>rJ‹T> Ho$ ZE eha na H$m_ H$aZo AmE& CZHo$ MMoao ^mB©, pñdg A{^H$ënH$, {n`ao {OAmÞoao Zo Bg Ad{Y Ho$ Xm¡amZ eha H$s àem`Zr` Am¡a ZJanm{bH$m H$s B_maVm| Ho$ {bE H$m\$s gmam µ\${Z©Ma V¡`ma {H$`m& Cgr àH$ma Om°O© ZmH$m{e_m O¡go A{^H$ënH$m| Zo àm¡Úmo{JH$s Am¡a AmH¥${V H$s gmXJr H$mo AnZm`m {OgHo$ n[aUm_ñdê$n nm§{S>Moar Am¡a Ah_Xm~mX _| ~‹S>o n¡_mZo na CËnmXZ ewê$ hmo gH$m&
1970 Am¡a 1980 H$s XeH$m| _| ^maVr` dm{gVwH$mam| Z| µ\${Z©Ma H$m A{^H$ënZ ewê$ H$a {X`m& CXmhaU Ho$ {bE, ~r dr Xmofr Zo dmñVwH$ma AÀ`wV H$mZ{dÝXo H$s B_maVm| Ho$ {bE µ\${Z©Ma A{^H$pënV {H$`m, Am¡a Zrb|Xþ emh Zo Ah_Xm~mX _| hg_wI nQ>ob Ûmam A{^H$pënV hmoQ>bm| Ho$ {bE µ\${Z©Ma A{^H$pënV {H$`m&
g_H$mbrZ
bJ^J {nN>bo Xmo XeH$m| _| `wdm A{^H$ënH$m| H$m EH$ CÚ_r g_yh C^am h¡ {OÝhm|Zo gm_J«r àm¡Úmo{JH$s Am¡a gm§ñH¥${VH$ gm¢X`©emó Ho$ g§X^© _| EH$ _hËdnyU© e¡br H$m g¥OZ {H$`m h¡ {Og_| g_H$mbrZ Am¡a na§namJV e¡{b`m| H$m {db` h¡& O¡go-O¡go ñWmZr`, H$_ n¡_mZo na hmoZo dmbm µ\${Z©Ma H$m CËnmXZ IË_ hmoVm Om ahm h¡, eha-{d{eï> ~moQ>rH$ Am¡a noßna µ\Œ$mB© VWm A~©Z b¡S>a O¡go Am°ZbmBZ ~«m§S> bmoH${à` hmoVo Om aho h¢& JmoXaoO B§Q>r[a`m| O¡go ~«m§S> Omo A{^Zd µ\${Z©Ma ~ZmZo Ho$ {bE _mZ{H$H¥$V CËnmXZ H$mo BñVo_mb H$aVo h¢, AmO ^r ehar OrdZ H$mo à^m{dV {H$E Om aho h¢&
Bg Ad{Y Ho$ Xm¡amZ gm¡ÝX`©dmX Ho$ ^r à^md ZµOa AmE, Omo 19dr. gXr Ho$ A§{V_ Xm¡a _| H$bm Ho$ joÌ _| H«$m§{V Wr {OgH$s YmaUm Wr {H$ H$bm H$m Ho$db CgHo$ gm¡ÝX`© Ho$ H$maU ApñVËd h¡& Cn{Zdoer` µ\${Z©Ma _| gm¡ÝX`©dmX Zo nVZerb ZµŠµH$mer Am¡a ^mar H$‹T>mB© Ho$ H$n‹S>o Ho$ à`moJ H$mo ào[aV {H$`m& ^maV _| gm¡ÝX`©dmX Ho$ g~go ~‹S>o {h_m`Vr Wo A_arH$s n|Q>a Am¡a µ\${Z©Ma A{^H$ënH$, bm°H$dwS> S>r µ\$m°aoñQ>&
joÌr` à^md
~§~B© Am¡a Ah_Xm~mX CÞrgdt gXr _| {Z_m©U Ho$ _hËdnyU© Ho$ÝÐm| Ho$ ê$n _| C^ao& _mbm~ma gmJm¡Z, ere_ H$s bH$‹S>r Am¡a amoµOdwS> Ho$ Jhao a§J Ho$ H$maU ~§~B©, ãb¡H$dwS> \$ZuMa Ho$ {bE OmZm OmVm Wm Omo YZr nmagr n[adma ~hþV à`moJ H$aVo Wo& Ah_Xm~mX Ho$ ZµŠµH$mem| Ho$ ~mX, Am¡a H$ht H$ht na Hw$N> _m_bm| _| n‹S>mogr eha, Ymoboam Ho$ ~‹T>B© ñWmZr` ê$n go Á`mXm bmoH${à` Wo Š`m|{H$ Ymoboam, {Obo _| bH$‹S>r H$m _w»` ~mµOma Wm& _Ðmg Am¡a _w§Joa dV©_mZ _| {~hma H$s H$m`©embmAm| _| ^r \$ZuMa ~ZmZo Ho$ {bE ãb¡H$dwS> H$m à`moJ {H$`m OmVm Wm&
AmYw{ZH$
1920 H$s XeH$ go 1940 H$s XeH$ Ho$ ~rM AmQ>© So>H$mo e¡br Ho$ µ\${Z©Ma ewê$ _| _hmamOmAm|, {~«{Q>e µ\$_m], g‚mmH$mam| Am¡a nwamZo g§^«m§V n[admam| Ûmam IarXo JE& `h dm{gVwH$mam| Ho$ hmWm| _| à{gÕ hþE {OÝhm|Zo ~§~B© _| ^ì` {gZo_m hm°bm| H$m A{^H$ën {H$`m; dhm§ go `h e¡br amOgr n[admam| _| \¡$br, {deof ê$n go JwOamV _| Ohm§ dm§H$mZoa Am¡a _moa~r Ho$ _hbm| _| Bg e¡br H$m à`moJ {H$`m J`m& ~oÝOm{_Z, H$m_Xma µ\${Z©Ma Am¡a ~§~B© Ho$ Am_u Am¡a Zodr ñQ>moa, AmQ>© So>H$m| e¡br Ho$ µ\${Z©Ma Ho$ {bE à{gÕ Wo - gmYmaU nb§J {OZ_| ñnï>, Om{_Vr` AmH¥${V`m± Wr, ~‹S>r A§S>mH$ma S´o>qgJ Q>o~bo, Jmob gmoµ\$m Am¡a Hw${g©`m±, ^mar S´>m°Aa Am¡a g§XÿH$ Am¡a ~‹S>r dmS©>amo~& qàQ> {H$E hþE H¡$Q>mbm°J Am¡a ZB e¡br H$s Vñdram| dmbo ~‹S>o ~‹S>o {dkmnZm| Zo Bg joÌ Ho$ J«mhH$m| H$mo Bg e¡br go n[a{MV H$am`m Am¡a J«mhH$ Bgo AnZo Kam| _| à`moJ H$aZo bJo&
AmYw{ZH$ A{^H$ën Ho$ AJ«Ur ~m°hm°g ñHy$b (1919-1933) H$m ^maV Ho$ µ\${Z©Ma na VËH$mb à^md 1930 H$s XeH$ _| JmoXaoO EÊS> ~m°Bg Am¡a AÝ` H§$n{Z`m| Ûmam Q>çy~yba ñQ>rb H$s Hw${g©`m|, Q>o~b Am¡a {bqdJ ê$_ Ho$ goQ> H$m ~‹S>o n¡_mZo na CËnmXZ _| ZµOa Am`m& AmOmXr Ho$ ~mX ^maV Zo dmñVw Am¡a µ\${Z©Ma A{^H$ën Ho$ g§~§Y _| AmYw{ZH$Vm H$s Am¡a A{YH$ ñnï> A{^ì`{º$ XoIr& _mg}b ~«yAa Ho$ ~«¡Ho$Q> dmbr Q>çy~yba Hw${g©`m| AWdm br H$m~w©{OE Ho$ MoµO bmC§O Am¡a nmBn-~|Q> Hw${g©`m± Ho$ à^md Ho$ H$maU ~‹S>o n¡_mZo na CËnmXZ H$s bmoH${à`Vm ~‹T>r& Odmhabmb Zohê$Or Ho$ {Z_§ÌU na br H$m~w©{OE M§S>rJ‹T> Ho$ ZE eha na H$m_ H$aZo AmE& CZHo$ MMoao ^mB©, pñdg A{^H$ënH$, {n`ao {OAmÞoao Zo Bg Ad{Y Ho$ Xm¡amZ eha H$s àem`Zr` Am¡a ZJanm{bH$m H$s B_maVm| Ho$ {bE H$m\$s gmam µ\${Z©Ma V¡`ma {H$`m& Cgr àH$ma Om°O© ZmH$m{e_m O¡go A{^H$ënH$m| Zo àm¡Úmo{JH$s Am¡a AmH¥${V H$s gmXJr H$mo AnZm`m {OgHo$ n[aUm_ñdê$n nm§{S>Moar Am¡a Ah_Xm~mX _| ~‹S>o n¡_mZo na CËnmXZ ewê$ hmo gH$m&
1970 Am¡a 1980 H$s XeH$m| _| ^maVr` dm{gVwH$mam| Z| µ\${Z©Ma H$m A{^H$ënZ ewê$ H$a {X`m& CXmhaU Ho$ {bE, ~r dr Xmofr Zo dmñVwH$ma AÀ`wV H$mZ{dÝXo H$s B_maVm| Ho$ {bE µ\${Z©Ma A{^H$pënV {H$`m, Am¡a Zrb|Xþ emh Zo Ah_Xm~mX _| hg_wI nQ>ob Ûmam A{^H$pënV hmoQ>bm| Ho$ {bE µ\${Z©Ma A{^H$pënV {H$`m&
g_H$mbrZ
bJ^J {nN>bo Xmo XeH$m| _| `wdm A{^H$ënH$m| H$m EH$ CÚ_r g_yh C^am h¡ {OÝhm|Zo gm_J«r àm¡Úmo{JH$s Am¡a gm§ñH¥${VH$ gm¢X`©emó Ho$ g§X^© _| EH$ _hËdnyU© e¡br H$m g¥OZ {H$`m h¡ {Og_| g_H$mbrZ Am¡a na§namJV e¡{b`m| H$m {db` h¡& O¡go-O¡go ñWmZr`, H$_ n¡_mZo na hmoZo dmbm µ\${Z©Ma H$m CËnmXZ IË_ hmoVm Om ahm h¡, eha-{d{eï> ~moQ>rH$ Am¡a noßna µ\Œ$mB© VWm A~©Z b¡S>a O¡go Am°ZbmBZ ~«m§S> bmoH${à` hmoVo Om aho h¢& JmoXaoO B§Q>r[a`m| O¡go ~«m§S> Omo A{^Zd µ\${Z©Ma ~ZmZo Ho$ {bE _mZ{H$H¥$V CËnmXZ H$mo BñVo_mb H$aVo h¢, AmO ^r ehar OrdZ H$mo à^m{dV {H$E Om aho h¢&