‘¡ EH$ grYm-gmXm gm MaIm hÿ±& na AJa AmnH$mo ^maV H$s aMZmerbVm Ho$ AÝVhrZ MH«$ ‘| go EH$ {~ÝXþ MwZZm hmo - amï´> {Z‘m©U Ho$ Am¡µOma Ho$ ê$n ‘| {S>µOmBZ Ho$ Amaå^ H$m EH$ {~ÝXþ - Vmo ¶h {~ÝXþ em¶X ‘wP go ewé hmoJm&
‘oam Zm‘ ’$magr ^mfm Ho$ MaI… go {ZH$bm ¶mZr dht OÝ‘m Wm {OgH$m AZwdmX hmoJm d¥Îm, Koam ¶m n{h¶m, Am¡a MaI…OmZ ¶mZr Cgo Kw‘mZodmbm& MaIo H$s nwamZr Vñdrao Bg ~mV H$s Jdmh h¢ {H$ ~JXmX ‘| (gå^dV… 12dr gXr) BgH$m à¶moJ hmoVm Wm - Am¡a dht go ^maV Ed§ MrZ ‘| ‘¡Zo ¶mÌm H$s&
Amn MaIo H$mo Vah Vah H$s H«$mpÝV¶m| H$m ewéAmVr {~ÝXþ ‘mZ gH$Vo h¢ - CXmhaU Ho$ {bE 16dr gXr Ho$ ¶wamon H$s Am¡Úmo{JH$ H«$mpÝV Ho$ nhbo, bmoJ Ka ‘| hr YmJm (¶mZ©), H$n‹S>m Am¡a Xÿgar MrµOo ~Zm¶m Am¡a ~wZm H$aVo Wo& CgHo$ ~mX, ¶hr Iaoby MaIm H$B© Vah Ho$ Am¡Úmo{JH$ Am{dîH$mam| ¶m BñVo‘mbm| - "âbmBªJ eQ>b (1733), pñnqZJ OoZr (1746), pñnqZJ å¶yb (1779) Am¡a nmda by‘ (1784) ‘| {dH${gV hmoVm J¶m&
Am¡a BYa AnZo Xoe ‘|, ‘hmË‘m Jm§Yr Zo ‘wPo gm‘m{OH$, Z¡{VH$, amOZr{VH$ Am¡a Am{W©H$ nwZ{Z©‘m©U Ho$ EH$ Am¡µOma Ho$ ê$n ‘|, ¶m Cggo ^r AmJo amï´> Am¡a Apñ‘Vm-{Z‘m©U Ho$ Am¡µOma Ho$ ê$n ‘| XoIm& ‘hmË‘mOr Zo {dXoer dñVwAm| H$m {ZfoY Z¶r VH$Zm°bOr Ho$ à{V {H$gr Vah Ho$ {VañH$ma ^md go Zht {H$¶m Wm, ~pëH$ do Cg emofH$, amOZr{VH$ Am¡a Am{W©H$ XþîMH«$ Ho$ {Ibm’$ Wo, {OgHo$ VhV H$nmg B§½b¢S> ^oOr OmVr Wr Am¡a dhm± H$n‹S>o H$m CËnmXZ hmoVm Wm& CÝhm|Zo AZw^d {H$¶m {H$ CËnmXZ H$m ¶h Kaoby VarH$m (MaIo go) {ZaÝVaVm Am¡a AmË‘{Z^©aVm n¡Xm H$aZo H$m EH$ VarH$m h¡& AV… MaIo H$s N>{d dh àVrH$-N>{d ~Z J¶r {Og na Xoe Ho$ Eo{Vhm{gH$ ñdXoer AmÝXmobZ H$s ~w{Z¶mX aIr JB© Wr&
1921 ‘| MaIm ñdV§Ì ^maV H$s AñWmB© gaH$ma Ho$ PÊS>o H$m à‘wI àVrH$ ~Z J¶m& AmO Ho$ amï´>r¶ ÜdO ({Va§Jo) H$m MH«$ Cgr ^mdZm go CËnÞ hþAm h¡ {OgH$m àVrH$ ‘¢ AmO ^r hÿ±& ’$eu MaIm -
’$eu MaIo H$m T>m±Mm ’$e© na aIm OmVm h¡, Am¡a MaIm MbmZodmbm KwQ>Zm| Ho$ ~b PwH$ H$a ¶m {’$a ~¡R> H$a Cgo MbmVm h¡& Bg CnH$aU ‘| EH$ gab gr VH$br Am¡a VbwAm hmoVm h¡& BgH$s VH$ZrH$ ‘| EH$ MbmZodmbm nh{¶m hmoVm h¡, {Ogo hmW go Kw‘mVo h¢, O~ {H$ "¶mZ©' ¶m YmJm VH$br Ho$ {gao go ~wZVm AmVm h¡& Bg MaIo ‘|, VH$br na YmJm bnoQ>Zo Ho$ {bE MaIo H$mo amoH$Zm n‹S>Vm h¡&
‘mZm OmVm h¡ {H$ 1929 ‘| Jm§Yr Zo BH$ à{V¶mo{JVm H$m Am¶moOZ {H$¶m Wm, {Og‘| EH$ bmI énE H$s nwgèH$ma am{e aIr Wr Am¡a Cg‘| CÝhmoZ| MaIo Ho$ ~ohVa {S>µOmBZm| H$s à{d{ï>¶m| H$s ‘m§J H$s Wr& {ZX}e ¶h Wm {H$ EH$ hëH$m, gñVm (150 én¶m| go A{YH$ {OgH$s H$s‘V Z hmo&) ê$n ~Zm¶m OmE Omo EH$ Amoa CËnmXZ Am¡a Xÿgar Amoa bmZo-bo OmZo H$m JwU nhbo go ~ohVa hmo& Bg AàMm[aV à{V¶mo{JVm ‘| Om{ha Vm¡a na Z Ho$ ~am~a à{d{ï>¶m± AmB©&
Mb (nmoQ>}~b) ¶m ’$moëS> hmoZodmbm MaIm
g{dZ¶ Adkm AmÝXmobZ H$m Amaå^ H$amZo Ho$ n[aUm‘ ‘|, 1950 ‘|, nyZm H$s ¶oadS>m Oob ‘| H¡$X H$mQ>Vo hþE, ‘mZm OmVm h¡ {H$ Jm§YrOr Zo ¶h {ZâQ>r, nmoQ>}~b MaIm ~Zm¶m Wm& CÎm‘ Vm¡a na noQ>r MaIm Ho$ Zm‘ go OmZm OmZodmbm ¶h MaIm EH$ N>moQ>o ~«r’$Ho$g O¡go AmH$ma ‘| ’$moëS> hmo OmVm h¡ Am¡a nH²$‹S>Zo Ho$ {bE Cg‘| hËdm ^r hmoVm h¡& O~ à¶moJ Ho$ {bE Bgo Imobm OmVm h¡ V~ ¶h EH$ H«¢$H$ ¶m Aamb H$mo Kw‘mZo go MbVm h¡, {Oggo XmoZm| n{hE Am¡a CnH$aU ‘| bJr VH$br Ky‘Vr h¡& A³ga Q>rH$ H$s bH$‹S>r go ~Zm ¶h MaIm, H$ÝOm|, YmVw Ho$ EH$ ImoIbo hËdo, Xmo I§S>m| ‘| VH$br Am¡a YmJm g±^mbZo H$s OJhmo§o g‘oV Imgm n[anyU© h¡&
‘oam Zm‘ ’$magr ^mfm Ho$ MaI… go {ZH$bm ¶mZr dht OÝ‘m Wm {OgH$m AZwdmX hmoJm d¥Îm, Koam ¶m n{h¶m, Am¡a MaI…OmZ ¶mZr Cgo Kw‘mZodmbm& MaIo H$s nwamZr Vñdrao Bg ~mV H$s Jdmh h¢ {H$ ~JXmX ‘| (gå^dV… 12dr gXr) BgH$m à¶moJ hmoVm Wm - Am¡a dht go ^maV Ed§ MrZ ‘| ‘¡Zo ¶mÌm H$s&
Amn MaIo H$mo Vah Vah H$s H«$mpÝV¶m| H$m ewéAmVr {~ÝXþ ‘mZ gH$Vo h¢ - CXmhaU Ho$ {bE 16dr gXr Ho$ ¶wamon H$s Am¡Úmo{JH$ H«$mpÝV Ho$ nhbo, bmoJ Ka ‘| hr YmJm (¶mZ©), H$n‹S>m Am¡a Xÿgar MrµOo ~Zm¶m Am¡a ~wZm H$aVo Wo& CgHo$ ~mX, ¶hr Iaoby MaIm H$B© Vah Ho$ Am¡Úmo{JH$ Am{dîH$mam| ¶m BñVo‘mbm| - "âbmBªJ eQ>b (1733), pñnqZJ OoZr (1746), pñnqZJ å¶yb (1779) Am¡a nmda by‘ (1784) ‘| {dH${gV hmoVm J¶m&
Am¡a BYa AnZo Xoe ‘|, ‘hmË‘m Jm§Yr Zo ‘wPo gm‘m{OH$, Z¡{VH$, amOZr{VH$ Am¡a Am{W©H$ nwZ{Z©‘m©U Ho$ EH$ Am¡µOma Ho$ ê$n ‘|, ¶m Cggo ^r AmJo amï´> Am¡a Apñ‘Vm-{Z‘m©U Ho$ Am¡µOma Ho$ ê$n ‘| XoIm& ‘hmË‘mOr Zo {dXoer dñVwAm| H$m {ZfoY Z¶r VH$Zm°bOr Ho$ à{V {H$gr Vah Ho$ {VañH$ma ^md go Zht {H$¶m Wm, ~pëH$ do Cg emofH$, amOZr{VH$ Am¡a Am{W©H$ XþîMH«$ Ho$ {Ibm’$ Wo, {OgHo$ VhV H$nmg B§½b¢S> ^oOr OmVr Wr Am¡a dhm± H$n‹S>o H$m CËnmXZ hmoVm Wm& CÝhm|Zo AZw^d {H$¶m {H$ CËnmXZ H$m ¶h Kaoby VarH$m (MaIo go) {ZaÝVaVm Am¡a AmË‘{Z^©aVm n¡Xm H$aZo H$m EH$ VarH$m h¡& AV… MaIo H$s N>{d dh àVrH$-N>{d ~Z J¶r {Og na Xoe Ho$ Eo{Vhm{gH$ ñdXoer AmÝXmobZ H$s ~w{Z¶mX aIr JB© Wr&
1921 ‘| MaIm ñdV§Ì ^maV H$s AñWmB© gaH$ma Ho$ PÊS>o H$m à‘wI àVrH$ ~Z J¶m& AmO Ho$ amï´>r¶ ÜdO ({Va§Jo) H$m MH«$ Cgr ^mdZm go CËnÞ hþAm h¡ {OgH$m àVrH$ ‘¢ AmO ^r hÿ±& ’$eu MaIm -
’$eu MaIo H$m T>m±Mm ’$e© na aIm OmVm h¡, Am¡a MaIm MbmZodmbm KwQ>Zm| Ho$ ~b PwH$ H$a ¶m {’$a ~¡R> H$a Cgo MbmVm h¡& Bg CnH$aU ‘| EH$ gab gr VH$br Am¡a VbwAm hmoVm h¡& BgH$s VH$ZrH$ ‘| EH$ MbmZodmbm nh{¶m hmoVm h¡, {Ogo hmW go Kw‘mVo h¢, O~ {H$ "¶mZ©' ¶m YmJm VH$br Ho$ {gao go ~wZVm AmVm h¡& Bg MaIo ‘|, VH$br na YmJm bnoQ>Zo Ho$ {bE MaIo H$mo amoH$Zm n‹S>Vm h¡&
‘mZm OmVm h¡ {H$ 1929 ‘| Jm§Yr Zo BH$ à{V¶mo{JVm H$m Am¶moOZ {H$¶m Wm, {Og‘| EH$ bmI énE H$s nwgèH$ma am{e aIr Wr Am¡a Cg‘| CÝhmoZ| MaIo Ho$ ~ohVa {S>µOmBZm| H$s à{d{ï>¶m| H$s ‘m§J H$s Wr& {ZX}e ¶h Wm {H$ EH$ hëH$m, gñVm (150 én¶m| go A{YH$ {OgH$s H$s‘V Z hmo&) ê$n ~Zm¶m OmE Omo EH$ Amoa CËnmXZ Am¡a Xÿgar Amoa bmZo-bo OmZo H$m JwU nhbo go ~ohVa hmo& Bg AàMm[aV à{V¶mo{JVm ‘| Om{ha Vm¡a na Z Ho$ ~am~a à{d{ï>¶m± AmB©&
Mb (nmoQ>}~b) ¶m ’$moëS> hmoZodmbm MaIm
g{dZ¶ Adkm AmÝXmobZ H$m Amaå^ H$amZo Ho$ n[aUm‘ ‘|, 1950 ‘|, nyZm H$s ¶oadS>m Oob ‘| H¡$X H$mQ>Vo hþE, ‘mZm OmVm h¡ {H$ Jm§YrOr Zo ¶h {ZâQ>r, nmoQ>}~b MaIm ~Zm¶m Wm& CÎm‘ Vm¡a na noQ>r MaIm Ho$ Zm‘ go OmZm OmZodmbm ¶h MaIm EH$ N>moQ>o ~«r’$Ho$g O¡go AmH$ma ‘| ’$moëS> hmo OmVm h¡ Am¡a nH²$‹S>Zo Ho$ {bE Cg‘| hËdm ^r hmoVm h¡& O~ à¶moJ Ho$ {bE Bgo Imobm OmVm h¡ V~ ¶h EH$ H«¢$H$ ¶m Aamb H$mo Kw‘mZo go MbVm h¡, {Oggo XmoZm| n{hE Am¡a CnH$aU ‘| bJr VH$br Ky‘Vr h¡& A³ga Q>rH$ H$s bH$‹S>r go ~Zm ¶h MaIm, H$ÝOm|, YmVw Ho$ EH$ ImoIbo hËdo, Xmo I§S>m| ‘| VH$br Am¡a YmJm g±^mbZo H$s OJhmo§o g‘oV Imgm n[anyU© h¡&