ao{S>Amo Am¡a Q>obr{dOZ Ho$ ê$n ‘| h‘, ^maV H$mo Omo‹S>o aIZo ‘| ‘hÎdnyU© ^y{‘H$m AXm H$aVo h¢& Am¡a Amn ‘| go Omo Am{dîH$maH$, {S>µOmBZa Am¡a B§Or{Z¶a h¢, do h‘o n[a^m{fV H$aZo ‘| Imgm ‘hÎdnyU© {H$aXma {Z^mVo h¡& ¶h h¡ h‘mar ¶mÌm&
1896 ‘| BQ>m¡{b¶Z B§Or{Z¶a JwJ{bë‘mo ‘maH$moZr Zo h‘| h‘mam Am{dîH$ma H$a h‘| n¡Q>ÝQ> H$am¶m& 1815 ‘| d¡km{ZH$ OJXre MÝÐ ~mog Zo {dÚwV Mwå~H$s¶ Va§Jm| (Bb¡³Q´>mo‘¡JZ¡{Q>H$ doìµO) Ho$ à¶moJ H$m àXe©Z {H$¶m& Eogm CÝhm|Zo EH$ Am¶aZ-‘aH$ar H$mohoaa Ho$ Am{dîH$ma go {H$¶m {Ogo ‘maH$moZr Zo Xþ{Z¶m Ho$ nhbo namg‘wÐr ao{S>¶mo g§Ho$V J«hU H$aZo Ho$ {bE BñVo‘mb {H$¶m Wm&
1922 ‘| {~«{Q>e ~«m°S>H$mpñQ>¨J H§$nZr (~r.~r.gr.) H$s ñWmnZm hþB© Am¡a 1923 ‘| "ao{S>¶mo ³b~ Am°’$ ~må~o' Zo ñdV§Ì ê$n go ^maV H$m nhbm H$m¶©H«$‘ àgm[aV {H$¶m, {OgHo$ ~mX 1924 ‘| ao{S>¶mo ³b~ Am°’$ ‘Ðmg Zo BgH$m AZwgaU {H$¶m&
gaH$ma H$o ghm¶Vm go ~Zr "B§{S>¶Z ~«mS>H$mñQ> H§$nZr' 1927 ‘| ñWm{nV hþB©, Omoo ~mX ‘| amï´>r¶ ~Z H$a "Am°b B§{S>¶m ao{S>¶mo'(EAmB©Ama) H$m Z¶m Zm‘ {‘bm& AmO EAm¶Ama Xþ{Z¶m H$m g~go ~‹S>m àgmaU Ho$ÝÐ h¡, Omo Amn bmoJm| Ho$ 99.18% VH$ h‘mar ~hþ±M H$admVm h¡&
ñdV§Ì ^maV Ho$ Amapå^H$ XeH$m| ‘|, h‘ dmëd AmYm[aV ao{S>¶moJ«m‘m|Ho$ ê$n ‘| CnbãY Wo Omo hmbm§{H$ ~‹S>o ‘h±Jo Am¡a ^mar ^aH$‘ hþAm H$aVo Wo, na E‘g©Z, J«§qS>J, ‘aµ’$s Am¡a ~we O¡gr {dXoer ~«m§S>m| Ho$ ‘mܶ‘ go H$mµ’$s àM{bV Wo&
Cn‘hmÛrn ‘| g~-H§$S>³Q>a VH$Zm°bOr Ho$ AmJ‘Z Zo h‘| nmoQ>}~b (Mb) Ed§ gñVm H$a {X¶m& Am¡a AÝVV… Q´>m§{OñQ>a ao{S>¶mo Ho$ ê$n ‘| Vmo h‘ Am‘ AmX‘r Ho$ {bE A{Zdm¶© hr hmo JE& Q>obr{dµOZ H$m àgmaU 1959 ‘| EAm¶Ama Ûmam ewê$ hþAm& h‘mam ¶h S>ã~m nhbo CEERI Ûmam {nbmZr ‘| {dH${gV hþAm Wm& gaH$ma H$s àmW©Zm na, ¶h OmZH$mar Oo. Ho$. Bb¡³Q´>mo{Z³g O¡gr {ZOr joÌ H$s H§$n{Z¶m| go gmPm H$s JB©& Oo. Ho$. Bb¡³Q´>mo{Z³g nhbo bmBg|g àmá {Z‘m©Vm Wo& h‘mam àdoe ‘hmZJam| go ewê$ hþAm, {ZOr Ed§ gaH$mar ~«m§S>m| O¡go Q>oboamS>, doñQ>Z Bb¡³Q´>mo{Z³g, Q>obo{dñQ>m Am¡a B.gr. Q>rdr VWm S>m¶Zmoam Ho$ ‘mܶ‘ go&
h‘mao nhbo ê$n bH$‹S>r Ho$ H¡${~ZoQ> ‘| pñWV Wo, AmnHo$ ’${Z©Ma hr H$s ^m±{V - Am¡a CgHo$ {Z¶§ÌU ¶m "Zm°~' ‘w»¶ ¶y{ZQ> ‘| hþAm H$aVo Wo&
h‘mam {dH$mg Yr‘m Wm& 1970 Ho$ XeH$ Ho$ ‘ܶ ‘| h‘ gm°{bS> ñQ>oQ> VH$Zm°bOr H$s Amoa ~‹T>o, Am¡a d¡³¶y‘ Q>çy~ Am¡a dmëd Im[aO hmo JE, {Oggo Vñdra Am¡a AmdmµO H$s JwUdÎmm ~ohVa hþ¶r& 1973 go 1978 ‘|, h‘ 70,000 ¶y{ZQ>m| go 5,10,000 ¶y{ZQ>m| Va ~‹T> JE& Mma {Z‘m©VmAm| H$s g§»¶m A~ ~‹T>H$a 12 go 72 VH$ Om nhþ±Mr&
^maV Zo 1982 ‘|, h‘mar Z¶r a§JrZ ñH«$sZm| Ho$ ‘mܶ‘ go "E{e¶Z Iobm|' H$m àgmaU XoIm& XÿaXe©Z V~ EAm¶Ama go AbJ hmo J¶m Am¡a Xÿgao Q´>m§g‘rQ>am| H$m AnZm g§Omb Am¡a {dñV¥V {H$¶m Omo ~‹T>Vo-~‹T>Vo 1990 Ho$ XeH$ ‘| 500 go Cna hmo J¶m&
h‘mar MnQ>r ñH«$sZ Ho$ Am{dîH$ma Ho$ gmW, H¡$WmoS> ao Q>çy~ (CRT) H$m {S>ñßbo ßbmµO‘m ñH«$sZ ‘| ~Xb J¶m, Omo {’$a {b{¹$S> {H«$ñQ>b {S>ñßbo (LCD) ‘| ~Xb JE& hmb hr H$m EZmbmoJ Ho$~b go {S>OrQ>b {gñQ>‘ ‘| ~Xbmd ‘| àgmaU ~ohVa hmoVm h¡ - EH$ goQ> Q>m°n ~m³g ¶m g¡Q>obmB©Q> {S>e Ho$ ‘mܶ‘ go Bggo [aµOmoë¶yeZ ~ohVarZ hmoVm h¡ Am¡a ñH«$sZ ~‹S>r nVbr hmo JB© h¡, Ho$db IwN> hr B§M ‘moQ>r& LED Zo ^r ~‹S>o nma‘oQ> Oogo {H$ b³Par ~«m§S> UVTV Zo ^r AnHo$ Kam| ‘| BÁµOV H$m ñWmZ nm¶m h¡&
1991 ‘|, Am{W©H$ Zr{V¶m| ‘| Omo CXmaVm AmB©, CgZo {dXoer H§$n{Z¶m| H$mo H$m¶©H«$‘ {XImZo Ho$ A{YH$ma {XE - O¡go ñQ>ma Q>r.dr. dJ¡ah H$mo& V~ VH$ ^r M¡Zbm| H$m MwZmd gr{‘V hr Wm& h‘o ~‹T>o hþE Xe©H$‘§S>b H$m AmZÝX {‘bm, Ho$~a aoS>r Q>r.dr. ~mµOma‘|, ~rnrEb, AmoZrS>m Am¡« {d{S>¶moH$m°Z O¡gr {dXoer ~«m§S>m| Ho$ µO[aE Omo Amn Am¡a {dkmnZm| Ho$ ‘mܶ‘ go Img ~Z JB©&
1896 ‘| BQ>m¡{b¶Z B§Or{Z¶a JwJ{bë‘mo ‘maH$moZr Zo h‘| h‘mam Am{dîH$ma H$a h‘| n¡Q>ÝQ> H$am¶m& 1815 ‘| d¡km{ZH$ OJXre MÝÐ ~mog Zo {dÚwV Mwå~H$s¶ Va§Jm| (Bb¡³Q´>mo‘¡JZ¡{Q>H$ doìµO) Ho$ à¶moJ H$m àXe©Z {H$¶m& Eogm CÝhm|Zo EH$ Am¶aZ-‘aH$ar H$mohoaa Ho$ Am{dîH$ma go {H$¶m {Ogo ‘maH$moZr Zo Xþ{Z¶m Ho$ nhbo namg‘wÐr ao{S>¶mo g§Ho$V J«hU H$aZo Ho$ {bE BñVo‘mb {H$¶m Wm&
1922 ‘| {~«{Q>e ~«m°S>H$mpñQ>¨J H§$nZr (~r.~r.gr.) H$s ñWmnZm hþB© Am¡a 1923 ‘| "ao{S>¶mo ³b~ Am°’$ ~må~o' Zo ñdV§Ì ê$n go ^maV H$m nhbm H$m¶©H«$‘ àgm[aV {H$¶m, {OgHo$ ~mX 1924 ‘| ao{S>¶mo ³b~ Am°’$ ‘Ðmg Zo BgH$m AZwgaU {H$¶m&
gaH$ma H$o ghm¶Vm go ~Zr "B§{S>¶Z ~«mS>H$mñQ> H§$nZr' 1927 ‘| ñWm{nV hþB©, Omoo ~mX ‘| amï´>r¶ ~Z H$a "Am°b B§{S>¶m ao{S>¶mo'(EAmB©Ama) H$m Z¶m Zm‘ {‘bm& AmO EAm¶Ama Xþ{Z¶m H$m g~go ~‹S>m àgmaU Ho$ÝÐ h¡, Omo Amn bmoJm| Ho$ 99.18% VH$ h‘mar ~hþ±M H$admVm h¡&
ñdV§Ì ^maV Ho$ Amapå^H$ XeH$m| ‘|, h‘ dmëd AmYm[aV ao{S>¶moJ«m‘m|Ho$ ê$n ‘| CnbãY Wo Omo hmbm§{H$ ~‹S>o ‘h±Jo Am¡a ^mar ^aH$‘ hþAm H$aVo Wo, na E‘g©Z, J«§qS>J, ‘aµ’$s Am¡a ~we O¡gr {dXoer ~«m§S>m| Ho$ ‘mܶ‘ go H$mµ’$s àM{bV Wo&
Cn‘hmÛrn ‘| g~-H§$S>³Q>a VH$Zm°bOr Ho$ AmJ‘Z Zo h‘| nmoQ>}~b (Mb) Ed§ gñVm H$a {X¶m& Am¡a AÝVV… Q´>m§{OñQ>a ao{S>¶mo Ho$ ê$n ‘| Vmo h‘ Am‘ AmX‘r Ho$ {bE A{Zdm¶© hr hmo JE& Q>obr{dµOZ H$m àgmaU 1959 ‘| EAm¶Ama Ûmam ewê$ hþAm& h‘mam ¶h S>ã~m nhbo CEERI Ûmam {nbmZr ‘| {dH${gV hþAm Wm& gaH$ma H$s àmW©Zm na, ¶h OmZH$mar Oo. Ho$. Bb¡³Q´>mo{Z³g O¡gr {ZOr joÌ H$s H§$n{Z¶m| go gmPm H$s JB©& Oo. Ho$. Bb¡³Q´>mo{Z³g nhbo bmBg|g àmá {Z‘m©Vm Wo& h‘mam àdoe ‘hmZJam| go ewê$ hþAm, {ZOr Ed§ gaH$mar ~«m§S>m| O¡go Q>oboamS>, doñQ>Z Bb¡³Q´>mo{Z³g, Q>obo{dñQ>m Am¡a B.gr. Q>rdr VWm S>m¶Zmoam Ho$ ‘mܶ‘ go&
h‘mao nhbo ê$n bH$‹S>r Ho$ H¡${~ZoQ> ‘| pñWV Wo, AmnHo$ ’${Z©Ma hr H$s ^m±{V - Am¡a CgHo$ {Z¶§ÌU ¶m "Zm°~' ‘w»¶ ¶y{ZQ> ‘| hþAm H$aVo Wo&
h‘mam {dH$mg Yr‘m Wm& 1970 Ho$ XeH$ Ho$ ‘ܶ ‘| h‘ gm°{bS> ñQ>oQ> VH$Zm°bOr H$s Amoa ~‹T>o, Am¡a d¡³¶y‘ Q>çy~ Am¡a dmëd Im[aO hmo JE, {Oggo Vñdra Am¡a AmdmµO H$s JwUdÎmm ~ohVa hþ¶r& 1973 go 1978 ‘|, h‘ 70,000 ¶y{ZQ>m| go 5,10,000 ¶y{ZQ>m| Va ~‹T> JE& Mma {Z‘m©VmAm| H$s g§»¶m A~ ~‹T>H$a 12 go 72 VH$ Om nhþ±Mr&
^maV Zo 1982 ‘|, h‘mar Z¶r a§JrZ ñH«$sZm| Ho$ ‘mܶ‘ go "E{e¶Z Iobm|' H$m àgmaU XoIm& XÿaXe©Z V~ EAm¶Ama go AbJ hmo J¶m Am¡a Xÿgao Q´>m§g‘rQ>am| H$m AnZm g§Omb Am¡a {dñV¥V {H$¶m Omo ~‹T>Vo-~‹T>Vo 1990 Ho$ XeH$ ‘| 500 go Cna hmo J¶m&
h‘mar MnQ>r ñH«$sZ Ho$ Am{dîH$ma Ho$ gmW, H¡$WmoS> ao Q>çy~ (CRT) H$m {S>ñßbo ßbmµO‘m ñH«$sZ ‘| ~Xb J¶m, Omo {’$a {b{¹$S> {H«$ñQ>b {S>ñßbo (LCD) ‘| ~Xb JE& hmb hr H$m EZmbmoJ Ho$~b go {S>OrQ>b {gñQ>‘ ‘| ~Xbmd ‘| àgmaU ~ohVa hmoVm h¡ - EH$ goQ> Q>m°n ~m³g ¶m g¡Q>obmB©Q> {S>e Ho$ ‘mܶ‘ go Bggo [aµOmoë¶yeZ ~ohVarZ hmoVm h¡ Am¡a ñH«$sZ ~‹S>r nVbr hmo JB© h¡, Ho$db IwN> hr B§M ‘moQ>r& LED Zo ^r ~‹S>o nma‘oQ> Oogo {H$ b³Par ~«m§S> UVTV Zo ^r AnHo$ Kam| ‘| BÁµOV H$m ñWmZ nm¶m h¡&
1991 ‘|, Am{W©H$ Zr{V¶m| ‘| Omo CXmaVm AmB©, CgZo {dXoer H§$n{Z¶m| H$mo H$m¶©H«$‘ {XImZo Ho$ A{YH$ma {XE - O¡go ñQ>ma Q>r.dr. dJ¡ah H$mo& V~ VH$ ^r M¡Zbm| H$m MwZmd gr{‘V hr Wm& h‘o ~‹T>o hþE Xe©H$‘§S>b H$m AmZÝX {‘bm, Ho$~a aoS>r Q>r.dr. ~mµOma‘|, ~rnrEb, AmoZrS>m Am¡« {d{S>¶moH$m°Z O¡gr {dXoer ~«m§S>m| Ho$ µO[aE Omo Amn Am¡a {dkmnZm| Ho$ ‘mܶ‘ go Img ~Z JB©&